Scientists discover bacteria that 'breathe' electricity instead of oxygen

In a groundbreaking discovery, scientists from

Rice University

have found a type of bacteria that can survive by releasing electricity instead of relying on oxygen. These microorganisms use a natural process to transfer electrons outside their cells, enabling them to generate energy in oxygen-free environments such as

deep-sea vents

or the human gut. The finding uncovers a previously hidden survival mechanism in nature and holds significant promise for

clean energy

, biotechnology, and

environmental monitoring

. The study offers new insight into how ancient life forms adapted to extreme conditions and how we might use them for future technologies.

How the bacteria survive without oxygen

Most living organisms, including humans and animals, use oxygen to help convert food into energy. This process involves passing electrons to oxygen molecules inside cells. However, these newly studied bacteria do something different. Instead of passing electrons to oxygen, they send them directly out of their cells onto surrounding surfaces. This process is known as

extracellular respiration

and allows the bacteria to thrive in environments with no oxygen.

The role of natural compounds in electricity release

The bacteria achieve this electrical breathing using natural molecules called naphthoquinones. These act like small couriers, picking up electrons from inside the bacterial cell and carrying them to the outside. Once outside, the electrons are released onto nearby conductive materials, much like a battery discharges its stored energy. This simple but effective process helps the bacteria break down food and generate energy without needing oxygen.

Laboratory experiments and computer modelling

To understand this process better, the Rice team collaborated with researchers at the University of California, San Diego. They used advanced computer models to simulate bacterial life in oxygen-free environments. The results showed that the bacteria could continue to grow and generate electricity when placed on conductive surfaces. These findings were then confirmed in real laboratory conditions, where the bacteria successfully survived and discharged electricity in a controlled setting.

Potential applications in clean technology

This discovery could lead to major advances in sustainable technologies. In processes like wastewater treatment and industrial biomanufacturing, maintaining a balance of electrons is essential for efficiency. These electricity-releasing bacteria could help stabilise such systems by managing electron flow more effectively. Additionally, they could be used to capture and convert carbon dioxide using renewable electricity, similar to how plants use sunlight for photosynthesis.

Future uses in sensors and space exploration

Because these bacteria can function in environments without oxygen, they offer exciting possibilities for developing

bioelectronic sensors

. Such sensors could be useful in medical diagnostics, pollution detection, and even in deep-space missions where oxygen is scarce. By linking biology and electronics, this research paves the way for innovative technologies that can operate under extreme conditions.

The bottom line

This remarkable discovery reshapes our understanding of how life can exist in harsh environments and offers promising solutions to some of today’s biggest technological challenges. With further research, these

electricity-breathing bacteria

could become key players in the development of cleaner, smarter, and more sustainable systems around the world.